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Andricus lignicola : ウィキペディア英語版 | Andricus lignicola
Cola-nut galls〔Darlington, Arnold (1975) ''The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Plant Galls in Colour.'' Pub. Blandford Press. Poole. ISBN 0-7137-0748-8. P. 155.〕 develop as a chemically induced distortion of leaf axillary or terminal buds on Pedunculate Oak (''Quercus robur'') or Sessile Oak (''Quercus petraea'') trees, caused by the agamic gall wasp ''Andricus lignicola'' (Hartig, 1840) which lays single eggs within leaf buds using their ovipositor. A previous name or synonym for the species ''A. lignicola'' is ''A. lignicolus'' and ''A. venheurni''. == The physical appearance of the galls== The galls are found in small groups, which however do not coalesce, helping to prevent mis-identification with the Oak marble gall (Andricus kollari), in addition the shape is ovoid rather than spherical and it is scaly rather than smooth. It grows up to about 10 x 8 mm and is at first green, rapidly changing to grey-brown, with light red patches where the original bud scales have separated. It is hard and firm, but does not always persist on the tree for very long.〔Stubbs, F. B. Edit. (1986) ''Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls''. Pub. Brit Plant Gall Soc. ISBN 0-9511582-0-1. P. 52.〕 Once the imago has emerged a small circular hole is apparent.〔
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